糖尿病(DM)是一系列以慢性高血糖为主要特征的异质性代谢紊乱的总称。糖尿病是由胰岛素分泌紊乱或功能紊乱(或两者同时存在)引起的,并受到遗传和环境因素的影响。糖尿病会增加心血管疾病并发症的风险(图1),并构成严重的全球健康问题;它是仅次于癌症和脑血管疾病的第三大常见慢性病。据国际糖尿病联合会估计,2017年全球有4.51亿糖尿病患者,预计到2045年将增至6.93亿。饮食对健康有很大影响,并与包括糖尿病在内的各种疾病的发展有关。因此,由于生活方式和饮食习惯的快速变化,糖尿病在现代社会越来越受到关注。
图1 糖尿病的发病机制及慢性并发症
膳食补充剂中的生物活性物质种类及其对糖尿病的治疗潜力
多酚类物质
图2 主要酚类成分的结构
图3 多酚改善糖尿病的作用机制
表2 主要酚类成分的结构
多糖
表3 多糖在FS中具有抗DM的潜在生物活性
总的来说,多糖不仅对糖尿病有积极作用,而且还能增强免疫调节,改善胰岛素抵抗,减少药物副作用,有助于预防糖尿病及相关并发症。因此,多糖具有广泛的生物活性,在食品加工中有着广泛的应用;然而,应该注意的是,在糖尿病中起作用的特定类型的植物多糖尚未得到充分的研究。如果能够更仔细地研究多糖的类型和靶点,多糖可能会在FS中占据越来越大的份额。
萜类化合物
表4 FS中具有抗DM潜在生物活性的萜类化合物
图4 萜类化合物组分的结构
图5 萜类化合物改善糖尿病的作用机理
皂甙
表5 FS中具有抗DM潜在生物活性的皂甙
图6 皂甙组分的结构
生物碱
其他
改善胰岛素功能
胰岛素模拟物的作用及对胰岛细胞的保护
提高胰岛素敏感性和改善胰岛素抵抗
微生物区系调控
葡萄糖吸收抑制
减少全身氧化应激
局限性和未来展望
Xiangxi Menga, Qinyu Lia, Ruyu Shia, Jiayin Changa, Hong Changa,*, Minhui Lia,b,c,d,e,*
aDepartment of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
bInner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, China
cInner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, China
dInner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
eInner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of the Planting and development of Astragalus Membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
*Corresponding author.
changhong_cool@163.com; prof_liminhui@yeah.net
Diabetes mellitus is a disease of endocrine and metabolism disorders, characterized by hyperglycemia, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease complications. Although oral hypoglycemic drugs have the effect of maintaining blood sugar control in diabetic patients, these drugs still have serious side effects for many patients, such as gastrointestinal diseases related to acarbose. Recently, certain food supplements and their bioactive ingredients have been shown to improve diabetes mellitus and can be readily found in the marketplace. This literature review focuses on food supplements with a hypoglycemic function, with an emphasis on their biologically active ingredients and pharmacological effects. The biologically active ingredients can be divided into 6 categories: polyphenols, polysaccharides, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and others. The sources, models used for their study, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of food supplements are described. The sources, models used for their study, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of food supplements are described, including regulation of microflora, modulation of glucose metabolism, and improvement in insulin function. By classifying medicinal plants that can be used as food supplements and their activities, we have provided useful information to support further investigation and application of food supplements to prevent or improve diabetes mellitus.
Xiangxi Meng, Qinyu Li, Ruyu Shi, et al. Food supplements could be an effective improvement of diabetes mellitus: a review[J]. Journal of Future Foods, 2021, 1(1): 67-81. DOI:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.09.003
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