内容: Multivitamins were widely used health supplements that replenished essential nutrients in the human body. Despite their popularity, the impact of multivitamins on the cognitive function of older adults remained unclear and contentious. This study offered a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of research published until June 2024, analyzing the effects of multivitamins on various cognitive functions in individuals aged 65 and older. We included ten randomized controlled trials encompassing 13600 participants from multiple databases. These studies evaluated the impact of multivitamins on reasoning, memory, learning, visual perception, idea production, cognitive speed, psychomotor abilities, and higher cognitive functions. Our meta-analysis revealed that multivitamins significantly enhanced delayed free recall (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) : [0.05, 0.13], P < 0.0001). However, they had no substantial effects on immediate free recall (SMD = 0.85, 95% CI: [−0.18, 1.90], P = 0.11), idea production (SMD = 0.00, 95% CI: [−0.04, 0.03], P = 0.86), or cognitive speed (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI: [−0.07, 0.74], P = 0.11). Thus, while multivitamins facilitated delayed free recall, they did not significantly improve other cognitive functions in older adults.

内容: Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories, which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world. Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale, standardized production due to the growth of the market. It has a unique flavor and is rich in nutrients, and its abundance of free amino acids, vitamins and phenolics has many positive effects on the human body. This review gives the types and history of suancai, as well as its impact on the world’s pickled culture. The changes in nutritional composition and flavor of suancai during fermentation are summarized. It presented the production technology and influencing factors of the northeast suancai, examined the quality and safety issues in suancai, and put forth some ideas and opinions on the standardization development of the suancai industry. It also summarized the geographic distribution and flora diversity of pickles around the world. In order to provide some knowledge and guidance for the promotion of modern industrial production in the suancai industry.

内容: Both linoleic acid (18:2 n-6, LA) and α-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3, ALA) are essential fatty acids for infants. The contents of LA and ALA, and their ratio exhibited significant changes in human milk over the past 4 decades, which were not well summarized. Here, we summarized these values in 9898 human breast milk samples of 6664 mothers from 50 countries in 81 studies. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science between January 1980 and October 2023. The 95% confidence interval of LA/ALA ratio across lactation and gestation ranged from 14.24 to 31.26. The LA content was higher in China and Turkey (> 20%) whereas the ALA content was below 1% in Africa. The LA/ALA ratio in countries along the Mediterranean coast exceeded 20 or even 30. LA and ALA contents increased significantly (P < 0.01) while the ratio remained stable over the last 40 years. Multivariate meta-regression results showed that regions significantly (P < 0.01) determined the LA, ALA, and LA/ALA ratio. Especially, maternal diet could definitely explain the variation while the effects of gestational age, lactation period was not significant. Clinical trials demonstrated that decreasing the LA/ALA ratio increased docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) status, reduced arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6, AA) contents, exerted no effect on the visual function of infants, and reached no consensus on growth. The current review aims to provide an overview on the LA and ALA contents and their ratio in human breast milk to raise concern in infant formula.

内容: Probiotics can regulate gut microbes to maintain human health. However, the sensitivity of probiotics to environmental conditions reduces their bioavailability. In contrast, the formation of probiotic biofilm provides a natural physical barrier against external interference. Our previous study established a dynamic culture system of the biofilm-state Bifidobacterium adolescentis Gr19 (B-DC-B. adolescentis Gr19), forming higher density and more structurally stable biofilms, which enhanced its potential probiotic properties in vivo. Thus, the protective effect and mechanism of B-DC-B. adolescentis Gr19 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced intestinal barrier dysfunction were investigated in this study. The results showed that B-DC-B. adolescentis Gr19 not only had high resistance and adhesion activity, but also improved the intestinal barrier by increasing goblet cells and promoting the expression of tight junction (TJ)-related proteins. Moreover, B-DC-B. adolescentis Gr19 effectively attenuated intestinal barrier injury in Caco-2 cells by improving intestinal permeability and integrity. Remarkably, B-DC-B. adolescentis Gr19 enhanced expression of TJ proteins, restored localization of cytoskeleton and reduced intestinal inflammation by suppressing the Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinases/nuclear factor kappa B/myosin light chain kinase/myosin light chain (RhoA/ ROCK/NF-κB/MLCK/MLC) pathway. Therefore, B -DC-B. adolescentis Gr19 plays a key role in mitigating LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Overall, the present study provides a theoretical basis for ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction and developing novel functional foods by using biofilm-state probiotics under dynamic culture.

内容: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the uric acid (UA)-lowering effect of Limosilactobacillus reuteri CCFM1132 in young males with hyperuricemia. Participants received 1 × 1010 CFU of L. reuteri CCFM1132 (n = 34) or placebo (n = 31) daily for 8 weeks. After the intervention, serum UA concentration significantly decreased, along with a reduction in xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity compared to the placebo group (P < 0.01). Indicators of liver (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) and renal (urea and creatinine) functions improved. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations significantly increased, with an upregulated abundance of SCFA producers (Fusicatenibacter, Ruminococcaceae UCG_014, and Ruminococcus 1) in the gut. Additionally, correlation analysis revealed that concentrations of SCFAs, particularly acetate and butyrate, were strongly negatively correlated with UA concentration and XOD activity. These findings suggest that L. reuteri CCFM1132 relieves hyperuricemia by enhancing the abundance of SCFA producers in the gut to promote SCFA production and by suppressing XOD activity. This study provides a valuable reference for developing new treatments for hyperuricemia.

内容: Beer is a prominent fermented food product and is regarded as the one of most widely consumed beverage globally. There is a dearth of studies examining the impact of different types of beer with intricate components as a comprehensive intervention on human health and immune status. This study used a 14-day continuous drinking intervention consisting of 5 beers, namely white beer, India pale ale (IPA), Pilsner, non-alcoholic beer, and premium lager beer. Surprisingly, our findings indicate that consuming white beer has little impact on the gut microbiota and physiological condition of mice, whereas consuming other types of beer leads to an increase in Lactobacillus and a decrease in Lachnospiraceae. In addition, we devised an extended feeding experiment to investigate the comparative safety and health benefits of consuming white beer. The research showed that when mice drank excessive quantities of white beer over 42 days, the intestines of the mice had more Prevotellaceae and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) had a decline from 1.29 to 0.38. The levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and isobutyric acid increased from 1.0, 0.27, and 0.015 mg/g to 1.28, 0.38, and 0.037 mg/g, respectively (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes observed in the levels of most measured cytokines in the colon tissue of mice that consumed beer, however, there was an increase in the concentration of the inflammatory factor tumor nesrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from 135.86 pg/mL in the control group to 189.78 pg/mL in the white beer group (P < 0.01). These results give us real-world proof that we can use to study how different beers affect the host’s health and satisfaction in future research.

内容: Acrylamide (AA) is a common carcinogen that affects the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). At present, the toxic injuries of common AA are mainly divided into acute and chronic attacks, and the damage caused to the CNS is different. To investigate whether different doses of AA have different effects on brain cells, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the brain. The findings indicated that short-term high-dose (acute) AA directly disrupted protein synthesis and protein structure stability on the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, acute AA was observed to downregulate genes that inhibit apoptosis and autophagy, promote apoptosis, accelerate cell aging, and affect cell function in glial cells (Glia). Long-term low-dose (chronic) AA exposure elevated Ca2+ concentration, increased protein autophosphorylation, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in impaired axonal transport and disrupted metabolism of Kenyon cells (KCs). These findings highlight the cell type-specific effects of AA, where acute exposure disrupts Glia protein homeostasis, and chronic exposure impairs calcium signaling and axonal transport in KCs. Such results deepen our understanding of AA-induced neurotoxicity and lay the groundwork for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate its effects on the CNS.

内容: Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin present in cereals, poses significant health risks to animals and humans due to its estrogenic effects. Numerous studies on the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN have predominantly focused on reducing the parent toxin to assess the enzyme’s efficacy, yet there is limited research on the identification and toxicity evaluation of the enzymatic degradation products. This study investigated the enzymatic degradation mechanisms of ZEN using commercial peroxidase (POD) and laccase (LC), with a focus on identifying degradation products and assessing their hepatotoxicity effects. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations elucidated the binding mechanisms between these enzymes and ZEN, revealing strong interactions that facilitate efficient detoxification. Subsequent analysis employing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) successfully identified crucial degradation products. Hepatic toxicity of the enzymatic degradation products was comprehensively assessed in HepaRG liver cells through systematic measurements of cell viability, oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and molecular metabolic profiles. Our findings demonstrate that both POD and LC exhibit significant efficacy in mitigating hepatocyte toxicity induced by ZEN, thereby highlighting their potential utility in enhancing food safety. This research provides essential data for safety evaluation regarding enzymatic detoxification of ZEN while offering theoretical and technical resources for risk assessment related to mycotoxin enzymatic detoxification.

内容: The antioxidant activity of selenium-containing soybean peptides (SePPs) has been previously demonstrated, despite their limited absorption in the small intestine. This study investigates the antioxidant mechanism of a selenium-containing tetrapeptide, Ser-Phe-Gln-SeM (SFQSeM), identified from SePPs, with particular emphasis on its interaction with the intestinal microbiota and its role in modulating host antioxidant defenses. The effects of SFQSeM were evaluated in a D-galactose-induced oxidative stress model and an antibiotic-treated mouse model. SFQSeM supplementation significantly reduced the oxidative stress in D-galactose-treated mice. It also promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria and increased the levels of acetate, butyrate and lactate in the intestine (P < 0.05). In the antibiotic-treated mouse model, depletion of the intestinal microbiota significantly reduced hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (26.6%) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) expression (48.77%) compared to normal mice supplemented with SFQSeM (P < 0.05). In contrast to Na2SeO3 and selenomethionine, SFQSeM effectively restored the diversity of the intestinal microbiota disrupted by antibiotics. Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Muribaculaceae were identified as predominant bacteria in the SFQSeM group, and were strongly associated with increased hepatic GSH-Px activity and GPx-1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, intestinal microbiota enhances the antioxidant efficacy of SFQSeM by modulating microbial composition, producing active metabolites, and converting SFQSeM into a bioactive form of selenium.

内容: As a specific spoilage organism of seafood under refrigerated temperature conditions, Shewanella spp. tend to form biofilms that exacerbate the occurrence of seafood spoilage. Biofilm-promoting factor A (BpfA) has been reported to promote the adhesion and biofilm formation of Shewanella spp., but its role in adhesion and biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens under cold stress needs to be further investigated. To better comprehend the effect of BpfA on adhesion and biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens under cold stress (4 ℃), bacterial adhesion and biofilm phenotype of S. putrefaciens CN32 WT and ΔbpfA at 4 ℃ were analyzed and performed transcriptomics. The results showed that the deletion of bpfA had almost no effect on the growth of S. putrefaciens CN32 at 4 ℃, but weakened the unicellular adhesion capacity of S. putrefaciens CN32 and destabilized the stability of the multicellular adhesion layer. In addition, the biomass of the mature biofilm formed by ΔbpfA was merely around 50% of that observed in the mature biofilm of S. putrefaciens CN32 WT, the average thickness and volume of the biofilm decreased by 18% and 27%, respectively, and the composition of the biofilm changed. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the deletion of bpfA led to differential expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways such as bacterial chemotaxis, two-component system, tyrosine metabolism, drug metabolism-other enzymes and biofilm formation-Vibrio cholerae, which in turn influenced bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Those results advance our acknowledgment of the character of BpfA on adhesion and biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens CN32, which contributes to understanding bacterial adhesion and the control of biofilm formation.