Butyric acid, a representative short-chain fatty acid, has gained considerable attention due to its noteworthy health benefits and widespread application. Nonetheless, the majority of commercially available butyric acid is currently synthesized through environmentally harmful chemical synthesis methods, which pose a significant obstacle to the development of the butyric acid industry. Therefore, there is a need to develop cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly methods for butyric acid production. This review commences with a systematic evaluation of the health effects and mechanisms of action of butyric acid. Subsequently, it outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different sources of butyric acid, including chemical synthesis and biosynthesis, along with their development trends. Finally, the review delves into high-efficiency strategies to enhance butyric acid production through targeted biosynthesis. This review not only serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners interested in the diverse aspects of butyric acid but also offers insights into future trends in the development of butyric acid.