As one of the adhesion-related surface factors on the cell wall of Lactobacillus strains, Leu-Pro-x-Thr-Gly (LPxTG) motif anchored proteins play a critical role in adhesion and molecular cross-talk with the host in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This study allows to understand that the combination of LPxTG-motif surface proteins (LMP) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can have a better promoting effect on lactic acid bacteria. In this study, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the interaction properties of LMP from Limosilactobacillus reuteri SH23 with small nutrient molecules in the host GIT. The thermodynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0 were calculated as −4.850 kJ/mol, −219.071 kJ/mol, and −718.501 J/(mol∙K), respectively, for a binding constant of 1.414 × 104 μmol/L at 298.15 K. Fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy were also utilised to study the interaction of LMP with the small nutrient molecules. It was found that LMP interacts with the small nutrient molecule FOS primarily through van der Waals and electrostatic forces. The transition from β-folding and random coiling to α-helix and β-sheet also indicates structural changes in the protein during the binding process. Furthermore, the binding of LMP to FOS not only improved the adhesion of the strain to intestinal epithelial cells and increased the auto-aggregation of the strain, but also promoted the growth of L. reuteri SH23. These findings provide a better understanding of Lactobacillus and host interactions at the cell surface protein level.